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After sewage is removed from homes and businesses, it undergoes a multi-step treatment process to remove harmful contaminants and solids:
This stage involves screening out large objects like debris, plastics, and rags. The wastewater is then passed through a grit chamber, where heavier particles like sand and gravel settle out.
Primary treatment is where most of the settleable solids are removed. The wastewater flows into a sedimentation tank, where gravity allows suspended solids to settle as sludge.
Secondary treatment uses biological processes to break down organic matter and further reduce pollutants. Bacteria and microorganisms consume the organic material, producing more sludge as a byproduct.
Tertiary treatment is an optional step that provides additional purification by removing dissolved pollutants and nutrients. Methods include filtration, disinfection, and chemical treatment.
After sewage treatment, the leftover sludge contains concentrated pollutants and pathogens. It must be properly disposed of or utilized to avoid environmental and health risks.
Several methods are used for sewage sludge disposal:
The choice of disposal method depends on factors such as sludge composition, local regulations, and environmental considerations.